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A Chart For Personal Pronouns |
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| Persons |
Numbers |
Nominative |
Possesive |
Objective Or Accusative |
| I |
Singular |
I |
my, mine |
me |
| |
Plural |
We |
our, ours |
us |
| II |
Singular |
You |
your, yours |
you |
| |
Plural |
You |
your, yours |
you |
| III |
Singular |
He
She
It
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his,
her, hers, its |
him
her
it |
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Plural |
They
|
their. theirs |
them |
| TENSE |
SUBJECT |
PREDICATE |
OBJECT |
SUBJECT |
PREDICATE |
PREPOSITION |
COMPLEMENT |
| Simple Present |
I/we/you/they
He/she/it |
play
plays |
hockey |
Hockey |
is played |
by |
me/us/you/them
him/her/it |
| Present continuous |
I/we/you/they
He/she/it |
am/are playing
is playing |
hockey |
Hockey |
is being played |
by |
me/us/you/them
him/her/it |
| Present perfect |
I/we/you/they
He/she/it |
have played
has played |
hockey |
Hockey |
has been played |
by |
me/us/you/them
him/her/it |
| Present perfect continuous |
I/we/you/they
He/she/it |
have been playing
has been playing |
hockey |
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Not |
applicable |
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| Simple past |
I/we/you/they
He/she/it |
played
|
hockey |
Hockey |
was played |
by |
me/us/you/them
him/her/it |
| Past continuous |
I/we/you/they
He/she/it |
was/were playing
|
hockey |
Hockey |
was being played |
by |
me/us/you/them
him/her/it |
| Past perfect |
I/we/you/they
He/she/it |
had played
|
hockey |
Hockey |
had been played |
by |
me/us/you/them
him/her/it |
| Past perfect continuous |
I/we/you/they
He/she/it |
had been playing
|
hockey |
|
Not |
applicable |
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| Simple Future |
I/we/you/they
He/she/it |
will play
|
hockey |
Hockey |
will be played |
by |
me/us/you/them
him/her/it |
| Future continuous |
I/we/you/they
He/she/it |
will be playing
|
hockey |
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Not |
applicable |
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| Future perfect |
I/we/you/they
He/she/it |
will have played
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hockey |
Hockey |
will have been played |
by |
me/us/you/them
him/her/it |
| Future perfect continuous |
I/we/you/they
He/she/it |
will have been playing
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hockey |
|
Not |
applicable |
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Neutral Accent - Parts Of Speech
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Words are divided into different kinds or classes, called Parts of Speech.
The parts of Speech are eight in number:
Noun
A Noun is a word used as the name of a person, place, or thing.
| person |
Alexander was a great king . |
Alexander |
| place |
Newyork is my dream city. |
Newyork |
| thing |
His courage won him honour. |
Courage |
The word thing includes (i) all objects that we can see, hear, taste, touch, or smell; and (if) something that we can think of, but cannot perceive by the senses.
Adjective
An Adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun.
Examples:
She is a poor girl.
There are seven representatives in the commitee.
Pronoun
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.
Examples:
David is absent, because he is ill
The books are where you left them.
Verb
A Verb is a word that denotes an action (read, play), an occurence (twinkle, flash) or a state of being (exist, sit).Also, a verb represents the tense of a sentense.
Examples:
The girl wrote a letter to her friend.
Knowledge is power.
Adverb
An Adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
Examples:
He worked the sum quickly
She pronounced the word quite correctly
Preposition
A Preposition is a word used with a noun or a pronoun to show how the person or thing denoted by the noun or pronoun stands in relation to something else.
Examples:
There is a cow in the garden.
The child is fond of music..
Conjunction
A Conjunction is a word used to join words or sentences.
Examples:
One and one make two
I ran fast, but missed the train.
Interjection
An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling.
Examples:
Hurrah ! we have won the match
Alas! he is dead.
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There are two Articles - a ( or an ) and the
A or an is called the Indefinite Article, because it leaves indefinite the person or thing spoken of; as,
a teacher; that is, any teacher
The is called the Definite Article, because it points out some particular person or thing; as,
He saw the theif; meaning some particular theif.
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| Use Of Indefinite Article : A or An |
Example |
The chioce between a and an is determined by sound. Before a word beginning with a vowel sound an is used.
Note: The words hours, honest, umbrella begin with a vowel sound.
Note: The words horse,university,European begin with a consonant sound.
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eg., an orange, an honest man, an hour, an umbrella
eg., a girl, a man, a horse, a university, a European |
The Indefinite article is used
In its original numerical sense of one;
In the vague sense of a certain;
In sense of any, to single out an individual as the representative of a class;
To make a common noun of a proper noun.
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eg., A pencil costs 2 rupees.
eg., One day a strange man knocked my door.
eg., A cow is a useful animal.
eg., A Daniel come to judgment |
| Use Of Definite Article : The |
Example |
The Definite Article the is used
When we speak of a particular person or thing, or one alreadily referred to;
When a singular noun is meant to represent a whole class;
With names of gulfs, rivers, seas, oceans, group os islands, and mountain-ranges;
Before common nouns which are names of things unique of their kind;
Before a proper noun only when it is qualified by an adjective or a defining
adjectival clause;
With superlatives;
With ordinals;
Before an adjective when the noun is understood;
As an adverb with comparatives.
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eg., I love the guy
eg., The cat loves comfort
eg., The Indian ocean
eg., The Earth
eg., The great Alexander
eg., This is the best website for English tutorial
eg., Neil Armstrong is the first man to land on moon
eg., The poor must go higher in their economy
eg., The more you desire, the more you suffer
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| Omission of the Article |
Example |
The Article is omited
Before a common noun used in its widest sense;
Before the names of materials;
Usually before proper nouns;
Before abstract nouns used in general sense;
Before languages;
Before the names of relations;
In certain phrases consisting of a transitive verb followed by its object;
In certain phrases consisting of a preposition followed by its object;
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eg., God is love
eg., Diomond is precious
eg., London is a popular city
eg., Desire is the cause of misery
eg., I prefer Spanish
eg., Mother cooks deliciously
eg., Do not give ear to rumours
eg., Learn English at home
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Transformation Of Sentences |
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The news is too good to be true.
The news is so good that it cannot be true.
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These apples are too cheap to be good
These apples are so cheap that they cannot be good.
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He is too clever not to see through your tricks.
He is so clever that she will see through your tricks.
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Positive: I am as strong as he.
Comparitive: He is not stronger than I.
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Positive: No other metal is as useful as iron.
Comparitive: Iron is more useful than any other metal.
Superlative: Iron is the most useful of all metals.
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Superlative: Mittal is one of the richest persons in the world.
Comparative: Mittal is richer than most other persons in world.
Positive: Very few persons in the world are as rich as as Mittal.
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Positive: Few historians write as interestingly as Joshi
Comparitive: Joshi writes more interestingly than most historians.
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Positive: Wellice plaza is not the tallest of all the buildings in the city.
Comparitive: Wellice plaza is not taller than some other buildings in the city.
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Active: Cat stabbed rat.
Passive: Rat was killed by cat.
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Active: Who taught you grammar?
Passive: By whom were you taught grammar?
By whom was grammar taught you?
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Active: Give the order.
Passive: Let the order be given.
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He is grater than I.
I am not so great as he.
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I was doubtful whether it was you.
I was not sure that it was you.
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Brutus loved Ceaser.
Brutus was not without love for Ceasar.
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Why waste time in reading trash?
It is extremely foolish to waste time in reading trash.
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Was he not a villain to do such a deed?
He was a villian to do such a deed.
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O that I were young again.
I wish that I were young again.
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How beautiful is night!
Night is very beutiful.
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It costs twelve paise.
The cost is twelve paise.
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He fought bravely.
He put up a brave fight.
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He gave a curt reply.
He replied curtly.
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Complex: He said that he was innocent.
Simple: He declared his innocence.
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Complex: Tell me where you live.
Simple: Tell me your address.
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Complex: It is pity that we should have to undergo this disgrace.
Simple: Our having to undergo this disgrace is a pity.
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Complex: It is proclaimed that all men found with arms will be shot.
Simple: According to the proclamation all men found with arms will be shot.
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Complex: He remarked how impudent the boy was.
Simple: He remarked on the boy's impudence.
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Complex: How long I shall stay is doubtful.
Simple: The duration of my stay is doubtful.
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Complex: Except that he hurt his hand, he was lucky.
Simple: Except for the hurt to his hand, he was lucky.
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Compound: He finished his exercise and put away his books.
Simple: Having finished his exercise, he put away his books.
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Compound: Not only did his father give him money, but his mother too.
Simple: Besides his father giving him money, his mother also did the same.
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Compound: He was a mere boy but he offered to fight the giant.
Simple: In spite of his being a mere boy, he offered to fight the giant.
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Compound: He must not be late, or he will be punished.
Simple: In the event of his being late, he will be punished.
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Compound: You must either pay the bill at once or return the goods.
Simple: Failing prompt payment the goods must be returned by you.
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Compound: We must eat, or we cannot live.
Simple: We must live to eat.
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Compound: The man endured all the horrors of the campaign and not one of them complained at all.
Simple: The man endured all the horrors of the campaign without one of them complained at all.
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Complex: He died in the village where he was born.
Simple: He died in his native village.
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Complex: The moment which is lost is lost for ever.
Simple: A lost moment is lost for ever.
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Complex: Men who have risen by their own exertions are always respected.
Simple: Self-made men are always respected.
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Complex: Those that are healthy have no need of the physician.
Simple: Healthy persons have no need of the physician.
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Complex: We came upo a hut where a peasant lived.
Simple: We came upon a peasant's hut.
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Complex: Youth is the time when the seeds of character are sown.
Simple: Youth is the time for the formation of character.
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Complex: You can talk as much as you like.
Simple: You can talk to your heart's content.
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Complex: Everything comes if a man will only work and wait.
Simple: Everything comes to a diligent and patient man.
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Complex: He will not pay unless he is compelled.
Simple: He will pay only under compulsion.
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Complex: You have succeeded better than you hoped.
Simple: You have succeeded beyond your hopes.
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Complex: He does not always speak as he thinks.
Simple: He does not always speak his thoughts.
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Complex: I was surprised when I heard him talk so.
Simple: I was surprised to hear him talk so.
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Complex: He was so tired that he could not stand.
Simple: He was too tired to stand.
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Complex: As you sow, so you will reap.
Simple: You will but reap the fruits of your sowing.
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He jumped up. He ran away.
Jumping up he ran away.
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Complex: The moment which is lost is lost for ever.
Simple: A lost moment is lost for ever.
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Complex: Men who have risen by their own exertions are always respected.
Simple: Self-made men are always respected.
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Complex: Those that are healthy have no need of the physician.
Simple: Healthy persons have no need of the physician.
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Complex: We came upo a hut where a peasant lived.
Simple: We came upon a peasant's hut.
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Complex: Youth is the time when the seeds of character are sown.
Simple: Youth is the time for the formation of character.
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Direct: He said,"I am unwell."
Indirect: He said (that) he was unwell.
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Direct:He said to me, " what are you doing ?"
Indirect: He asked me what I was doing.
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Direct:"Where do you live?" asked the stranger.
Indirect: The stranger enquired where I lived.
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Direct: Yaretzi Kareem said to Andrea , " Go away ."
Indirect: Peter ordered Arjun to go away.
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Direct: He said to him, "Please wait here till I return."
Indirect: He requested him to wait there till he returned.
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Direct: He said,"How clever she is !"
Indirect: He exclaimed that she was very clever.
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Direct: Alice said, " Bravo! You have done well."
Indirect: Alice applauded him,saying that I had done well.
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Definition: A preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something else.
eg., The book is on the table
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Kinds of Preposition |
| Simple Preposition |
Examples |
at
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eg., "sleep at the hotel"
(Expresses position, direction or location, or point in time)
eg., "sold at $10 each"
(Expressing a rate)
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by
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eg., "a room ten by twenty metres"
(Used in specifying adjacent dimensions)
eg., "destroyed by fire"
(By means of; with aid of; through the act or agency of)
eg., "my house is by the church"
(In the neighbourhood of, close to)
eg., "get it done by 9am tomorrow"
(At some time before; before the end of a given time interval)
eg., "came by the path"
(On, in traversing)
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for
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eg., "lessons for beginners"
(Appropriate to; intended for)
eg., "this is for you"
(Beneficial to)
eg., "I jumped for joy"
(Because of)
eg., "selling for less than a dollar"
(At a price of, in exchange for)
eg., "seemed to take for ages"; "bends for the next ten miles"
(Extending, lasting)
eg., "I'm for going now before it's too late"
(In favour of)
eg., "heading for London"
(In the direction of)
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from
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eg., "a present from my uncle"
(A giver or sender)
eg., "prices start from $1"
(A lower limit)
eg., "made from wood"
(Out of)
eg., "she nearly died from it"
(A reason or cause)
eg., "I'll be home from 6pm"
(Starting at)
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of
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eg., "most of the books"
(Connects a noun with the preceding word)
eg., "a friend of mine"; "the house of my friend"
(Expresses possession or connection)
eg., "a cup of tea"; "man of honour"
(Indicates parts, content, or quality)
eg., "Brighton is south of London"
(Indicates a point of reference)
eg., "she nearly died of it"
(A reason or cause)
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on
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eg., "the clock is on the wall"; "there's a jam on the main road"
(Located at or attached to)
eg., "the book is on the table"
(In contact with, on top of)
eg., "I'll come some time on Sunday"
(At some time in the duration of)
eg., "I don't have any on me"
(Having something)
eg., "drinks are on the house"; "dinner's on me"
(Paid for by)
eg., "a book on physics"; "think on it"
(On the topic of)
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through
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eg., "destroyed through fire"
(By means of; with aid of; through the act or agency of)
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with
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eg., "with my bare hands"
(Expresses the means used)
eg., "will you come with me?"
(Accompanying)
eg., "I don't have any with me"
(Having something)
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to
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eg., "go to school"
(In the direction of)
eg., "to go out"
(Sign of the infinitive case)
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| Compound Preposition |
Examples |
about
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eg., "a book about physics"; "think about it"
(On the topic of)
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above
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eg., "the picture above radiator"; "the light above the table"
(At a higher position than)
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across
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eg., "climate change will be a problem across the world"
(In the whole extent of; everywhere)
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along
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eg., "came along the path"
(On, in traversing)
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amidst
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eg.,"I found it amidst the trees"
(In the middle of)
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among
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eg., "I found it among the trees"
(In the middle of)
eg., "the top leadership divides the spoils among themselves"
(In division, with shares to each)
eg.,"they argued among themselves"
(Internal to, involving members of (a group of people))
eg., "among other things, she said..."
(Being a member (or members) of, in the class of)
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amongst
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eg., "the top leadership divides the spoils amongst themselves"
(In division, with shares to each)
eg., "they argued amongst themselves"
(Internal to, involving members of (a group of people))
eg., "I found it amongst the trees"
(In the middle of)
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around
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eg., "the church was built around 1840"
(Approximately (especially of a date))
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behind
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eg., "behind the door"; "look behind you"
(Further back than; at the back of; at the far side of)
eg., "I'm behind you on this"
(In support of)
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below
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eg.,"the floor below the table"
(At a position directly lower than (with the subject just above)
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beneath
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eg., "the floor beneath the table"
(At a position directly lower than (with the subject just above))
eg., "it's beneath me to do that"; "everyone else was beneath me"
(Not worthy of)
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beside
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eg., "the shop beside the station"
(Next to, at the side of)
eg., "I look scruffy beside you"
(Compared with)
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between
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eg., "they argued between themselves"
(Internal to, involving members of (a group of people))
eg., "the top leadership divides the spoils between themselves"
(In division, with shares to each)
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beyond
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eg.,"beyond my area of expertise"
(Not within the scope of)
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inside
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eg., "inside the house"
(Internal to, not outside; located in the bounds of)
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outside
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eg., "outside the house"
(Beyond the boundary of; external to)
eg., "outside my area of expertise"
(Not within the scope of)
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underneath
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eg., "the floor underneath the table"
(At a position directly lower than (with the subject just above))
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within
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eg., "within the house"
(Internal to, not outside; located in the bounds of)
eg., "within a whisker of losing"; "she's within sight"; "fixed within an hour"
(Not more or further than, in the limits of)
eg., "they argued within themselves"
(Internal to, involving members of (a group of people))
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without
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eg., "looking at the house without envy"
(Free from)
eg., "without light he couldn't see"
(In absence of)
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| Phrase Preposition |
Examples |
by dint of
in case of
by virtue of
in consequence of
owing to
with reference to
in order to
in course of
on behalf of
in spite of
in the event of
instead of
by reason of
according to
go along with
inaccordance with
in front of
agreeably to
by way of
by means of
for the sake of
in couse of
in favour of
because of
in lieu of
with a view to
on account of
with an eye to
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eg., He succeeded by dint of perseverance and sheer hard work
eg., In case of need phone to No. 9884407072
eg., By virtue of the power vested in me, I hereby order, etc.
eg., In consequence of illness he could not finish the work in time.
eg., Owing to his ill health, he retired from business.
eg., With reference to your letter of date, we regret we cannot allow any futher rebate.
eg., In order to avoid litigation, he accepted Rs.100 in full settlement of his claim for Rs.500
eg., In couse of time he saw his mistake.
eg., On behalf of the staff he read the address.
eg., He preserved in spite of his difficulties.
eg., In the event of his dying without an issue, his nephew would inherit the whole property.
eg., Instead of talking, prove your worth by doing something.
eg., By reason of his perverse attitude, he estranged his best friends.
eg., He acted according to my instructions.
eg., Why don't you go along with your brither.
eg., In accordance with your instructions, we have remitted the amount to your bankers
eg., There is a big tree in front of his house.
eg., Agreeably to the terms of the settlement, we herewith enclose our cheque for Rs. 500.
eg., By way of introduction, he made some pertinent remarks.
eg., By means of rope ladders they scaled the wall.
eg., For the sake of their beliefs, the Puritans emigrated to America.
eg., In course of his researches he met with many difficulties.
eg., He abdicted the throne in favour of his eldest son.
eg., He could not attend the school because of his father's serious illness.
eg., He accepted the car in lieu of his claim.
eg., With a view to an amicable settlement, we offer you without prejudice Rs.500 in full settlement of all your claims up-to-date.
eg., On account of his negligence the company suffered a heavy loss.
eg., Whatever he does, he does with an eye to the main chance.
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